Retrievable pressure sensor

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a retrievable pressure sensor for the in situ measurement of pressure of a process fluid in a pipe/chamber, and to a method for retrieving the pressure sensor. The pressure sensor comprises a pressure-transferring arrangement ( 2 ) which includes a device for sealing attachment in an opening in a wall of the pipe/chamber, a cavity ( 7 ) containing a pressure-transferring fluid, a first separation diaphragm ( 5 ) for separating between the process fluid ( 3 ) and the pressure-transferring fluid, and a second separation diaphragm ( 8   a ) defining an outer boundary of the cavity ( 7 ) containing the pressure-transferring fluid. The pressure sensor further includes an outer sensor part having a pressure sensing element ( 4 ), a second cavity ( 10 ) containing a pressure-transferring fluid in pressure communication with the pressure sensing element ( 4 ), a third separation diaphragm ( 8   b ) bounding the second cavity, the third separation diaphragm ( 8   b ) being configured for pressure communication with the second separation diaphragm ( 8   a ) for transferring pressure between the pressure-transferring fluid in the cavity ( 7 ) and the pressure-transferring fluid in the second cavity ( 10 ).

INTRODUCTION

The present invention relates to a retrievable pressure sensor, as well as to methods for retrieving the sensor. In particular, the invention relates to a pressure-transferring arrangement for use in a retrievable sensor.

BACKGROUND

Retrievable sensors are sensors which can be replaced while process fluids are present in the area in which the pressure is to be measured. Such pressure sensors are attached in the pipe wall by way of a flange or bore, for example. It is known to use valve mechanisms for blocking the flow to enable the replacement of the pressure sensor. In practice, the use of valves has proven to be difficult as they are left in an open position and subject to fouling by the process fluid. It is therefore a great risk that the valve is not operable when it is finally needed for the replacement of a pressure sensor, after some 10-15 years, for example. Moreover, when valves are used it is difficult to avoid discharge of process fluid into the environment.

It is therefore a need for a pressure sensor having a reliable structure making it possible to replace pressure sensors in overpressure environments in a simple manner without rendering the pressure sensors inoperable and without having to open up the pipe wall or suspend the production/process. At the same time, the pressure sensor has to meet strict safety requirements.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a solution to the above problems.

The present invention relates to a design enabling the replacement of pressure sensors in overpressure scenarios, e.g. in subsea oil related applications, process plants, etc.

The invention involves the use of a pressure-transferring arrangement (pressure pad) 2 as a transfer mechanism between the pressure sensor element 4 and the process fluid 3 in which the pressure is to be measured. The pressure-transferring arrangement is attached in an opening in a wall of the pipe/chamber and remains in place when the sensor part is removed. The pressure-transferring arrangement 2 is hermetically welded to the pipe 1 or attached by way of a flange or otherwise in order to ensure a sealing engagement against the pipe wall and process fluid inside the pipe. The pressure pad 2 has a separation diaphragm at each end. The diaphragms may be equal or different. Each separation diaphragm has an associated diaphragm seat. The seat holes in both diaphragm seats are small and few enough for the respective diaphragms to flatten onto their respective seats and then be able to support the entire pressure from the process fluid 3 and an ambient pressure, respectively, when the outer sensor structure is removed. The pressure sensor structure includes two diaphragms 8 located adjacent to each other and serving as a transfer mechanism for the pressure of the transmission oil 7 and in the volume 4 in which the pressure element is located. Especially in subsea overpressure environments the requirements of safety and reliable design are high. The present invention may then be provided with double barriers through the use of additional diaphragms in the pressure pad, for example.

In an aspect, the invention provides a retrievable pressure sensor for installation in an opening through a pipe or chamber wall for the in situ measurement of pressure of a process fluid in the pipe/chamber. The pressure sensor includes a pressure-transferring arrangement/pressure pad comprising: a device for sealing attachment in an opening in a wall of the pipe/chamber, a cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid, a first separation diaphragm for separating between the process fluid and the pressure-transferring fluid, and a second separation diaphragm defining an outer boundary of the cavity containing the pressure-transferring fluid. The pressure sensor further includes an outer sensor part having a pressure sensing element, a second cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid in pressure communication with the pressure sensing element, and a third separation diaphragm bounding the second cavity, with the third separation diaphragm being configured for pressure communication with the second separation diaphragm for transferring pressure between the pressure-transferring fluid in the cavity and the pressure-transferring fluid in the second cavity, and a third volume surrounding the second and third separation diaphragms when the second and third separation diaphragms are in pressure communication.

A pressure in the third volume is adjustable. The third volume may be adapted for the injection of fluid. The pressure in the third volume is adjustable so that the sensor may be retrieved in a controlled and safe manner.

In an embodiment, the pressure-transferring arrangement may further include a first abutment surface for the first separation diaphragm, with the first abutment surface having an opening into the cavity. The second separation diaphragm also has a, second, abutment surface, with the second abutment surface having an opening into the cavity. An outer section of the second separation diaphragm may be attached to the second abutment surface by way of fasteners so that the outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding section of the second abutment surface.

In an embodiment, the pressure sensor includes a third abutment surface for the third separation diaphragm, with the third abutment surface having an opening into the second cavity. A second outer section of the third separation diaphragm may be attached to the third abutment surface by way of fasteners so that the second outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding outer section of the third abutment surface. The pressure sensor may include a biasing force pressing the second and third separation diaphragms together so that pressure transfer may take place between the second and third separation diaphragms. In a further embodiment the pressure sensor may also include a fourth volume in association with the first cavity, with the fourth volume being configured for receiving the pressure-transferring fluid of the first cavity. The pressure sensor may be adapted for measuring differential pressure or, alternatively, be adapted for measuring absolute pressure.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for retrieving a retrievable pressure sensor as defined above, the method comprising: increasing a pressure in the third volume until said pressure is higher than the process fluid pressure, pulling out the second pressure sensor part in a controlled manner until the second and third separation diaphragms are no longer in pressure communication, reducing the pressure in the third volume to a pressure equal to or lower than the process pressure, and pulling out the outer pressure sensor part.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for retrieving a retrievable pressure sensor as defined above, wherein the retrievable pressure sensor further includes a fourth volume in association with the first cavity, and the method comprises reducing the pressure in the first cavity until the second and third separation diaphragms are no longer in pressure communication, through the reception of fluid in the fourth volume from the first the cavity, and pulling out the outer pressure sensor part.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a retrievable pressure sensor for installation in an opening through a pipe or chamber wall for the in-situ measurement of pressure of a process fluid in the pipe/chamber. The pressure sensor includes: a pressure-transferring arrangement comprising a device for sealing attachment in an opening in a wall of the pipe/chamber, a cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid, a first separation diaphragm for separating between the process fluid and the pressure-transferring fluid, and a second separation diaphragm defining an outer boundary of the cavity containing the pressure-transferring fluid; an outer sensor part having a pressure sensing element, a second cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid in pressure communication with the pressure sensing element, a third separation diaphragm bounding the second cavity, the third separation diaphragm being configured for pressure communication with the second separation diaphragm for transferring pressure between the pressure-transferring fluid in the cavity and the pressure-transferring fluid in the second cavity, and an additional volume in association with the first cavity, the additional volume being configured for receiving the pressure-transferring fluid of the first cavity.

In one embodiment, the pressure sensor may include a first abutment surface for the first separation diaphragm, with the first abutment surface having an opening into the cavity. The pressure sensor may further include a second abutment surface for the second separation diaphragm, with the second abutment surface having an opening into the cavity. Further, an outer section of the second separation diaphragm may be attached to the second abutment surface by way of fasteners in such a manner that the outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding section of the second abutment surface. The pressure sensor may further include a third abutment surface for the third separation diaphragm, with the third abutment surface having an opening into the second cavity. A second outer section of the third separation diaphragm may be attached to the third abutment surface by way of fasteners in such a manner that the second outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding outer section of the third abutment surface. The pressure sensor may further be provided with a biasing force pressing the second and third separation diaphragms together so that pressure transfer may take place between the second and third separation diaphragms. The pressure sensor may be adapted for measuring differential pressure or absolute pressure.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for retrieving a retrievable pressure sensor as set out above, the method comprising reducing the pressure in the first cavity until the second and third separation diaphragms are no longer in pressure communication, the pressure being reduced through the reception of fluid in the additional volume from the first cavity, and pulling out the outer pressure sensor part.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following, embodiments of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a retrievable pressure sensor structure according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a lower part of the sensor structure of FIG. 1, with the lower part of the sensor structure being constituted by a pressure-transferring arrangement facing a pressure that is to be measured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 shows the pressure sensor structure of FIG. 1, with FIG. 3 a being an enlarged section of the area in which an outer part of the sensor structure is in pressure-transferring contact with the pressure pad, whereas FIG. 3 b shows a further enlarged section showing the two separation diaphragms providing the pressure-transferring contact, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal section of a retrievable pressure sensor structure according to a further embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 shows a longitudinal section of a retrievable pressure sensor structure according to a still further embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 6 shows a longitudinal section of a retrievable pressure sensor structure according to yet a still further embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention will now be described. Corresponding or similar elements are denoted with the same reference numbers throughout the drawings.

FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a retrievable pressure sensor positioned in a bore in a pipe wall 1 for the in-situ measurement of the pressure of a process fluid in the pipe. The pressure sensor may also be positioned in an opening in a chamber wall for measuring pressure of a process fluid in a chamber. The pressure sensor element is located at a distance from the measurement area and disposed on the outside of the pipe wall. Pressure transfer is accomplished by way of separation diaphragms and pressure-transferring fluid provided behind and between the separation diaphragms and in pressure communication with the process fluid in the pipe.

The pressure sensor structure of FIG. 1 is comprised of an outer pressure sensor part in which the sensor element 4 is positioned, and a lower pressure-transferring part (pressure pad) 2 positioned so as to face the process fluid to be measured. The pressure sensor part and the pressure-transferring part 2 are positioned in a closely adjoining relationship so that pressure transfer can be accomplished through separation diaphragms and pressure-transferring fluid. The pressure-transferring part 2 is sealingly attached to the pipe wall and remains in place when the sensor part is removed. The pressure-transferring part 2 may be hermetically welded to pipe 1 or attached by way of a flange or otherwise in order to ensure a sealing engagement against the pipe wall and process fluid inside the pipe.

The pressure-transferring part (pressure pad) 2 has a separation diaphragm at each end. The diaphragms may be equal or different. Each separation diaphragm has an associated diaphragm seat. The seat holes in both diaphragm seats are small and few enough for the respective diaphragms to flatten onto their respective seats and then be able to support the entire pressure from the process fluid 3 and an ambient pressure. Typically, the holes/openings of the diaphragm seat are of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the separation diaphragms. A typical thickness for the separation diaphragms is 0.05 mm and a typical diameter of the openings/holes is 0.25 mm. The pressure-transferring part is exposed to the ambient pressure when the pressure sensor part is removed.

The pressure sensor structure with the pressure-transferring part provides a tight barrier when in place in the pipe. The attachment of the outer pressure sensor part and inner pressure-transferring part as well as replacement procedures will be explained below.

FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of the lower part of the outer pressure sensor part of FIG. 1 which communicates with the fluid in the pipe in which the pressure is to be measured, as well as the area in which the outer pressure sensor part and the inner pressure-transferring part contacts each other.

The inner pressure-transferring part, or pressure pad, is comprised of, as seen from the innermost component facing the process fluid to the contact area, a diaphragm 5 with an underlying abutment surface/diaphragm seat 11 for the diaphragm, a hydraulic pipe/bore 7, an abutment surface 12 a for a second diaphragm 8 a, and the second diaphragm 8 a. Diaphragm 5 provides a barrier against the process fluid, and constitutes a so-called “process diaphragm” separating the inner pressure-transferring environment of the pressure sensor from the external process environment. On the inside thereof, the process diaphragm 5 has a first concave abutment surface against which it can abut and which prevents the process diaphragm from rupturing should the pressure of the process fluid become excessive. In the first concave abutment surface 11 there is an opening into hydraulic pipe 7. Hydraulic pipe 7 leads into a second opening in a second concave abutment surface 12 a for the second diaphragm 8 a. The second separation diaphragm 8 a is exposed to the ambient pressure when the outer pressure sensor part is removed. The process diaphragm 5 and the second diaphragm 8 a at the contact surface with the outer sensor element, together with the first and second abutment surfaces and hydraulic pipe 7, defines a first cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid. The pressure-transferring fluid may be a hydraulic liquid, such as hydraulic oil, for example.

In succession, the outer pressure sensor part is comprised of a third diaphragm 8 b, a third concave abutment surface/diaphragm seat 12 b for the third diaphragm, a second hydraulic pipe/bore 10 in the third diaphragm, with the pipe leading into the pressure sensor assembly in cavity 4. The third diaphragm 8 b at the contact surface with the inner pressure-transferring part, together with the third abutment surface 12 b, pipe 7, and an outer boundary of the pressure sensor assembly, form a second cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid. The pressure-transferring fluid may be a hydraulic liquid, such as hydraulic oil, for example. The second cavity is in pressure communication with a pressure sensor 4. The outermost part of the pressure sensor part may be shaped as a flange section in order to also provide a seal around the outer end of the pipe wall opening.

The second 8 a and third diaphragms 8 b are attached to their respective abutment surfaces by fasteners in such a manner that an outer section 9 a,9 b of these diaphragms abut against and contact a corresponding section 9 a,9 b of the underlying abutment surfaces at all times. Preferably, the outer sections 9 a, 9 b of the diaphragms are annular. This prevents the outer sections of the separation diaphragm from losing the contact with the abutment surface/diaphragm seat. The fasteners may be in the form of screws with underlying springs. The separation diaphragm is comprised by a thin foil, and the existence of a hydraulic pressure differential across the separation diaphragm is avoided so that it will not rupture. The diaphragms used in the present invention could be of the type described in the patent application NO20093171 of the applicant, which is hereby incorporated by reference, but could also be other types of separation diaphragms. Diaphragms 8 a and 8 b, being in contact with each other and forming the transfer surface between the inner and outer sensor parts, have complementary geometrical shapes. Process diaphragm 5, however, may be different from diaphragms 8 a and 8 b at the contact surface.

A third volume 6 surrounds the second and third diaphragms at the contact area for the inner and outer parts of the retrievable sensor. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the third volume is annular. This annular volume may be closed and sealed off by an O-ring, for example, or another sealing means. The annular volume may also be open 13 so that fluid can be injected as shown in FIG. 4. In use subsea, the fluid may be seawater from the surroundings. When the annular volume is open, the pressure of volume 6 is adjustable. This pressure adjustment can be utilized for retrieving the sensor in a controlled and safe manner.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the retrievable pressure sensor in which a fourth volume 14 is provided in connection with the first cavity 7 in the pressure pad. This fourth cavity 14 is adapted for receiving the pressure-transferring fluid in cavity 7 so as to enable adjustment of the pressure of the transfer fluid in cavity 7. The fourth cavity 14 may be bounded by a pressure adjustment mechanism as shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, this pressure adjustment mechanism includes a diaphragm in association with a cavity in which the pressure is controllable. Such pressure adjustment may be utilized for retrieving the sensor in a controlled and safe manner. The cavity may be isolated from the surroundings. The annular volume 6 of FIG. 5, enclosing the second and third diaphragms at the contact area for the inner and outer parts of the retrievable sensor, may be closed and sealed off by an O-ring, for example, or another sealing means.

A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 6, comprising a fourth cavity 14 adapted for receiving the pressure-transferring fluid from cavity 7 as well as an opening 13 into the annular volume 6 for the injection of water from the surroundings. Hence, in this embodiment, pressure adjustment in both the annular volume 6 and cavity 7 is utilized for retrieving the sensor in a controlled and safe manner.

The pressure pad is shaped so as to be able to resist a large pressure difference between the pressures of the process fluid 3 and third volume 6. This prevents the pressure pad from rupturing when the pressure sensor (i.e. the part containing volume 4) is removed. When the pressure sensor has been put in place in the pipe wall, the pressure sensor is provided with a biasing force pressing the two diaphragms 8 a and 8 b together so that pressure transfer can be accomplished and the process pressure measured. This biasing force is sufficiently high to prevent the surface pressure on the outer surface 9 a from becoming zero even with the highest process pressure 3 possible.

Pressure sensor 4 measures the pressure of the process fluid in pipe 3 when the pressure in the third volume 6 is lower than the pressure of the process fluid. Pressure sensor 4 measures the higher of the process fluid pressure and the pressure in the third volume 6. This may be used for calibration.

Methods for Replacing (Retrieving) the Pressure Sensor

The pressure sensor may be pulled out in the case where the pressure of the transfer oil 7 is lower than the pressure in the third cavity 6. It is sufficient that the pressures in the third cavity 6 and first cavity 7 are equal or that a very small pressure difference exists where the first cavity 7 has a slightly lower pressure than the third cavity 6. This pressure difference can be of the order of millibar. The order of magnitude of the pressure difference can be allowed to be in the 10 mbar range, i.e. from 1-100 mbar.

At the contact area thereof, the second separation diaphragm 8 a is flat or pressed down against its diaphragm seat when the outer pressure sensor assembly with the third separation diaphragm 8 b is pulled out, in order to prevent the second separation diaphragm 8 a from rupturing. FIGS. 3 a and 3 b are enlarged sections of the contact area for the separation diaphragms 8 a and 8 b. In FIG. 3 b, the separation diaphragms are parallel and plane, and consequently in a position that allows the outer pressure sensor assembly to be pulled out.

If the second separation diaphragm 8 a ruptures, the process diaphragm 5 will represent a barrier against the process fluid. The process diaphragm 5 and the associated first abutment surface are shaped so that the diaphragm 5 may fully abut against the abutment surface and consequently be able to resist extremely high pressures, up to 2000 bar, without rupturing.

In an embodiment, it is possible to provide the pressure-transferring arrangement with an additional double diaphragm assembly between process diaphragm 5 and the first separation diaphragm 8 a. Such a design will provide a double barrier system.

Replacement of the pressure sensor may be accomplished in various alternative ways, as explained below.

1) A first alternative is to reduce the pressure of the process fluid 3 until it is lower than the pressure in the third cavity 6. This requires, however, that the process pressure is adjustable.

2) A second alternative method includes increasing the pressure in the third cavity/volume 6 until it is higher than that of the process fluid 3. There is only a small space between the pressure sensor and pipe wall, so that the pressure in the third cavity 6 can be increased by way of a pressure connection 13 as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. When the pressure in the transfer oil 7 is lower than the pressure in the third cavity 6, this fluid pressure will provide a splitting of the separation diaphragms 8 a and 8 b. When the pressure in the third cavity 6 is higher than the pressure in the process fluid 3 and hence also in the cavity 7, the pressure sensor is pulled a little outwards in a controlled manner. At the same time, in this intermediate position, a large hydraulic force will act on the sensor. After the pressure sensor has been controllably pulled a little outwards, the pressure in the third volume 6 is released (the pressure is lowered), and the complete outer sensor part may thereafter be pulled out. The inner pressure-transferring part/pressure pad 2 will remain in place in the pipe wall and seal against the process fluid. Insertion of a new pressure sensor is accomplished by reversing the above process. In a controlled manner, the pressure sensor is introduced almost all the way in, the pressure in the third cavity/volume is increased, the pressure sensor is pushed in place against pressure pad 2, and the pressure in the third cavity is reduced to a pressure which is lower than the process pressure.

Increasing the pressure in the third cavity 6 to a higher level than the process fluid 3 may also be used for calibrating the pressure sensor in a pressure range from the process pressure and upwards.

3) A third alternative method includes introducing a variable volume 14 as shown in FIG. 5 in connection with the first volume 7 in the pressure pad 2. This variable volume 14 makes it possible to reduce the pressure of the transfer oil inside the first volume 7. In this alternative, the arrangement, introducing the variable volume and thereby the variable pressure in the first volume 7, maintains the pressure in the first volume 7 so that the sensor can be operated, and lowers the pressure in volume 7 so that the outer pressure sensor assembly can be removed. Inserting a new pressure sensor can be accomplished by reversing the above process. The pressure sensor is pushed in a controlled manner all the way to the pressure pad and fastened. The pressure of the transfer oil in the first volume 7 is then increased to the operating pressure. This embodiment may be used for calibrating the pressure sensor in the pressure range from the process pressure and downwards.

4) Any combination of the above alternatives is also possible.

The pressure testing and/or calibration device and method are applicable both for differential pressure sensors and for absolute pressure sensors. The exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings and described above are shown and explained for a sensor for measuring absolute pressure. The pressure pad and pressure sensor structure, as well as the methods for retrieving the sensor according to the invention, are also applicable for differential pressure sensors. For that case, the only difference is that at least two pressure sensor structures are arranged in connection with each other and are connected for measuring differential pressure.

Calibration and Testing

In a measurement scenario the pressure sensor structure shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 will sense the process pressure P_(p) of the process fluid 3, provided that the pressure P_(S) (control pressure) in the fourth volume 7 is higher than the process pressure.

The pressure sensor may be tested in situ in order to check that it is intact and still measures the correct pressure. The testing is performed in that the control pressure is made lower than or equal to the process pressure. When the pressure in the fourth volume 7 is lower than the pressure of the process fluid, the measurement pressure P₁ sensed by the sensor corresponds to the pressure P_(S) in the fourth volume 7. In testing a known pressure is used as the control pressure P_(S), and consequently the sensor is intact if the pressure measured corresponds to the applied control pressure. Calibration of the sensor may be performed by using different known values for the control pressure, which is thereby sensed by the sensor. The measured pressure values are compared with the applied pressures. This embodiment may be used for calibrating the pressure sensor in a pressure range from the process pressure and downwards.

In a further embodiment, the pressure sensor structure shown in FIG. 6 can be used for calibrating and testing the pressure sensor in a pressure range from the process pressure and upwards. This requires that the second control pressure, P_(r), which may be applied across the annular volume 6 thereby splitting separation diaphragms 8 a and 8 b, is set higher than or equal to the process pressure P_(S). In this configuration (FIG. 6), pressure sensor 4 will measure the pressure in the annular volume 6 and may therefore be used for calibrating and testing the pressure sensor in a pressure range/pressure interval from the process pressure and upwards. The measured pressure values are compared with the applied annulus pressure(s) P_(r).

Such a device may advantageously be used for sensors operating on the seafloor in petroleum related applications. Such sensors are subject to strict requirements on operational safety and solidity, and the costs associated with sensor replacement are high. Testing and possibly calibration of the sensor can be easily performed by running a ROV down to the installation and reducing the control pressure P_(S) to known pressure values in a controlled manner while the pressure is sensed by the sensor 4. The measured pressures are compared with the applied pressures. An example of a known pressure value that may be used could be the pressure of the ocean depth at the sensor location. Such testing can extend the operational lifetime of the pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is then only replaced when it actually does no longer function, as opposed to being replaced after a predetermined number of years.

The use of a closed hydraulic pipe and optionally a diaphragm in connection with the control pressure P_(S) creates a closed pressure testing structure that satisfies the strict zero discharge requirement regulations in subsea petroleum applications. An example of such a structure is shown in FIG. 5.

The testing and calibration according to the above embodiments can be performed over small intervals within a large test and calibration range. The calibration and testing may be performed continuously over one or more pressure ranges/intervals, or at points within one or more pressure ranges/intervals.

In subsea oil and gas applications, the process pressure, and thereby also the control pressure, is often in the order of a few hundred bars, whereas the equipment and hence also pressure sensors are designed for resisting up to 1000 bars. The pressure sensor structure according to the present invention is able to sense small pressure changes of magnitude 1 mbar.

Various other modifications and variants are also contemplated within the scope of the invention, as defined by the accompanying patent claims. 

1-24. (canceled)
 25. A retrievable pressure sensor for installation in an opening through a pipe or chamber wall for the in situ measurement of pressure in a process fluid in the pipe/chamber, the pressure sensor comprising: a pressure-transferring arrangement comprising: a device for sealing attachment in an opening in a wall of the pipe/chamber, a cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid, a first separation diaphragm for separating between the process fluid and the pressure-transferring fluid, and a second separation diaphragm defining an outer boundary of the cavity containing the pressure-transferring fluid, and wherein the pressure sensor further comprises: an outer sensor part having a pressure sensing element, a second cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid in pressure communication with the pressure sensing element, a third separation diaphragm bounding the second cavity, the third separation diaphragm being configured for pressure communication with the second separation diaphragm for the transferal of pressure between the pressure-transferring fluid in the cavity and the pressure-transferring fluid in the second cavity, and a third volume surrounding the second and third separation diaphragms when the second and third separation diaphragms are in pressure communication.
 26. The pressure sensor of claim 25, wherein a pressure in the third volume is adjustable.
 27. The pressure sensor of claim 25, wherein the third volume is adapted for the injection of fluid.
 28. The pressure sensor of claim 25, further comprising a first abutment surface for the first separation diaphragm, the first abutment surface having an opening into the cavity.
 29. The pressure sensor of claim 25, further comprising a second abutment surface for the second separation diaphragm, the second abutment surface having an opening into the cavity.
 30. The pressure sensor of claim 29, wherein an outer section of the second separation diaphragm is attached to the second abutment surface by way of fasteners in such a manner that the outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding section of the second abutment surface.
 31. The pressure sensor of claim 25, comprising a third abutment surface for the third separation diaphragm, the third abutment surface having an opening into the second cavity.
 32. The pressure sensor of claim 31, wherein a second outer section of the third separation diaphragm is attached to the third abutment surface by way of fasteners in such a manner that the second outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding outer section of the third abutment surface.
 33. The pressure sensor of claim 25, wherein the pressure sensor is provided with a biasing force pressing the second and third separation diaphragms together so that pressure transfer may take place between the second and third separation diaphragms.
 34. The pressure sensor of claim 25, comprising a fourth volume in association with the first cavity, the fourth volume being configured for receiving the pressure-transferring fluid of the first cavity.
 35. The pressure sensor of claim 25, wherein the pressure sensor is configured for measuring a differential pressure.
 36. The pressure sensor of claim 25, wherein the pressure sensor is configured for measuring absolute pressure.
 37. A retrievable pressure sensor for installation in an opening through a pipe or chamber wall for the in situ measurement of pressure in a process fluid in the pipe/chamber, the pressure sensor comprising: a pressure-transferring arrangement comprising: a device for sealing attachment in an opening in a wall of the pipe/chamber, a cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid, a first separation diaphragm for separating between the process fluid and the pressure-transferring fluid, and a second separation diaphragm defining an outer boundary of the cavity containing the pressure-transferring fluid, an outer sensor part having a pressure sensing element, a second cavity containing a pressure-transferring fluid in pressure communication with the pressure sensing element, a third separation diaphragm bounding the second cavity, the third separation diaphragm being configured for pressure communication with the second separation diaphragm for the transferal of pressure between the pressure-transferring fluid in the cavity and the pressure-transferring fluid in the second cavity, and an additional volume in association with the first cavity, the additional volume being configured for receiving the pressure-transferring fluid of the first cavity.
 38. The pressure sensor of claim 37, further comprising a first abutment surface for the first separation diaphragm, the first abutment surface having an opening into the cavity.
 39. The pressure sensor of claim 37, further comprising a second abutment surface for the second separation diaphragm, the second abutment surface having an opening into the cavity.
 40. The pressure sensor of claim 39, wherein an outer section of the second separation diaphragm is attached to the second abutment surface by way of fasteners in such a manner that the outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding section of the second abutment surface.
 41. The pressure sensor of claim 37, comprising a third abutment surface for the third separation diaphragm, the third abutment surface having an opening into the second cavity.
 42. The pressure sensor of claim 41, wherein a second outer section of the third separation diaphragm is attached to the third abutment surface by way of fasteners in such a manner that the second outer section abuts against and contacts a corresponding outer section of the third abutment surface.
 43. The retrievable pressure sensor of claim 37, wherein the pressure sensor is provided with a biasing force pressing the second and third separation diaphragms together so that pressure transfer can take place between the second and third separation diaphragms.
 44. The pressure sensor of claim 37, wherein the pressure sensor is configured for measuring differential pressure.
 45. The pressure sensor of claim 37, wherein the pressure sensor is configured for measuring absolute pressure.
 46. A method for retrieving a retrievable pressure sensor as indicated in claim 25, the method comprising: increasing a pressure in the third volume until it is higher than that of the process fluid, pulling out the outer pressure sensor part in a controlled manner until the second and third separation diaphragms are no longer in pressure communication, reducing the pressure in the third volume to a pressure equal to or lower than the process pressure, and pulling out the outer pressure sensor part.
 47. A method for retrieving a retrievable pressure sensor as indicated in claim 25, wherein the retrievable pressure sensor further includes a fourth volume in association with the first cavity, the method comprising: reducing the pressure in the first cavity until the second and third separation diaphragms are no longer in pressure communication, with the pressure being reduced through the reception of fluid in the fourth volume from the first cavity, and pulling out the outer pressure sensor part.
 48. A method for retrieving a retrievable pressure sensor as indicated in claim 37, the method comprising: reducing the pressure in the first cavity until the second and third separation diaphragms are no longer in pressure communication, with the pressure being reduced through the reception of fluid in the additional volume from the first cavity, and pulling out the outer pressure sensor part. 